This essay is about the single First World War casualty commemorated by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission in Georgia.
“This is not for you fellows, this is a white man’s war.” [1]
The grave of Private James Doval Stewart
The recruitment of Black Canadians for service with the Canadian Expeditionary Force caused much debate in Canada. Many Black Canadians, swept along by patriotic fervour at the beginning of the war wanted to volunteer but prejudice prevented widespread recruitment. By November 1915 orders had been issued to allow recruitment of Black soldiers; it was largely ignored. Although small numbers of Black Canadians had managed to enlist from early in the war, it was not until after the introduction of conscription that Black soldiers served in any numbers; even then few made it to front-line battalions. The largest group of Black Canadians to serve with the Canadian Expeditionary Force did so in No.2 Construction Battalion.[2]
This is part of a series of essays about the First World War casualties commemorated by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission in Maryland.
Camp Taliaferro, the Royal Flying Corps training centre near Fort Worth, Texas, will feature in the stories of 22 men who died in the United States while undergoing flying training, three others who died of disease, and one who died while en route by train from Canada.[1]
The grave of Cadet Arthur William Webster Eden
Cadet Arthur Eden was killed in a mid-air collision on 21 December 1917; two pilots in another aircraft were killed also.
Arthur William Webster Eden was born on 16 August 1898 in Kingston, Jamaica. His father, William Thomas Eden, a merchant, and his mother Lillian Isabel (née Auld) were Jamaican-born, British citizens of the British West Indies. As far as can be determined, there were six children, although only three survived childhood.[2] Soon after Arthur was born his father set off for England and when Arthur was 10 months old he sailed for England with his mother and siblings. The family lived in London, where his brother Oswald was born and his eldest sister, Helen Isobel, died. Arthur’s father died in late-1908/early-1909 and the family returned to Jamaica. Arthur attended Wolmer’s High School in Kingston from 1909-1913, and his brother attended from 1912.
On 4 April 1913, Arthur, his mother, sister May, and brother Oswald emigrated to the United States, and settled in Baltimore. When he left school Arthur Eden became an electrician and went to work for the Consolidated Gas, Electric Light and Power Co. in Baltimore.
Cadet Arthur William Webster Eden
In the summer of 1917 he journeyed to Toronto and, on 7 September, enlisted into the Royal Flying Corps. He was allocated the number 74788. After a period of ground training, in October he travelled to Camp Taliaferro in Texas, where he joined one of the Canadian Training Squadrons (probably No. 86 Squadron) in No. 43 Wing.
Curtiss JN-4 Training Flight
On 21 December 1917, while flying in a Curtiss JN-4 as part of a larger formation near Taliaferro Field No. 2, his aircraft, in which he was flying alone, was involved in a collision in cloud at about 500 feet with a second aircraft flown by Second Lieutenant J. T. R. Jenner and Cadet C. A. Baker. The two aircraft fell joined together, burying all three men underneath—Arthur Eden died from a fracture to the base of his skull.
The panel on the burial chamber of Second Lieutenant J T R Jenner
Following a funeral service at Camp Taliaferro, Cadet Eden’s body was transported by rail back to Baltimore, accompanied by his cousin Cadet J E L Webster, who was also training at Camp Taliaferro.[3] His funeral service was held on 24 December 1917 in the Central Presbyterian Church in Baltimore, officiated by Reverend De Witt M. Benham, before his body was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery.[4] His grave is located in the eastern part of the cemetery in South Wesley East, Single ‘A’, Section 62, Range 3. Cadet Baker, a Canadian, is one of 11 men of the Royal Flying Corps buried at Greenwood Memorial Park, near Fort Worth. The body of Second Lieutenant Jenner, also a Canadian, was returned home; he is buried at Maple Leaf Cemetery in Chatham, Ontario.[5]
The Canadian Book of Remembrance showing the entry for Cadet Arthur Eden
Cadet Arthur William Webster Eden is commemorated on Page 577 of the Canadian First World War Book of Remembrance; that page is displayed on 14 December.
Cadet Arthur William Webster EdenCurtiss JN-4 Training FlightThe grave of Cadet Arthur William Webster EdenThe Canadian Book of Remembrance showing the entry for Cadet Arthur EdenThe panel on the burial chamber of Second Lieutenant J. T. R. JennerOswald Eden
1. (Back) Thirty-five men of the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Air Force died in aeroplane accidents while stationed at Camp Taliaferro—22 are buried in the United States and 13 are buried in Canada. In addition four men died from disease—three are buried in the United Sates and one in Canada. 2. (Back) William Thomas Eden (1861-before 1909) married Lillian Isabel (née Auld) (2 January 1867-19 Dec 1944) on 25 August 1886 in Kingston, Jamaica; Helen Isobel (8 January 1888-1903); Elizabeth Doris (1891-30 Jan 1892); Arthur Henry Webster Eden (28 December 1895-17 August 1896); May Lilian (21 July 1897-November 1971); and Oswald Archibald Kerrigan (24 January 1902-5 September 1983). 3. (Back) Cadet James Ernest Lelond ‘Erni’ Webster was born on 30 March 1897 at George Town in the Cayman Islands. He became a draughtsman in Baltimore before he enlisted into the Royal Flying Corps in September 1917 and joined No. 82 Canadian Training Squadron in No. 42 Wing at Camp Taliaferro. After the war he returned to work in Baltimore before moving to Jamaica. He died on 11 September 1975. 4. (Back) ‘Young Baltimore Flyer Who Was Buried Yesterday’. (3 January 1918). Baltimore Sun. p 4. 5. (Back) See: Cadet Cyril Albert Baker (biography not yet complete). Second Lieutenant John Thomas Russell Jenner (known as Russell) was born at Kingsville, Ontario on 13 January 1898, the youngest child and only son of John Earl Jenner MD, and Ella Eugenia (née Taylor). He enlisted into the Royal Flying Corps at Toronto on 29 May 1917 and was commissioned into the Royal Flying Corps on 1 September 1917. He was serving with ‘B’ Flight, No. 86 Canadian Training Squadron in No. 43 Wing when he was killed.
This is part of a series of essays about the First World War casualties commemorated by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission in Maryland.
The grave of Leading Seaman Joseph Thompson Clark
Joseph Thompson Clark was nearby when HMS Natal blew up in Cromarty Firth in 1915, was present at the Battle of Jutland, and survived being torpedoed in the Mediterranean only to drown in a swimming accident in Baltimore harbour in 1917.
He was born on 26 August 1896 at Cowpen, near Blyth, an industrial town in Northumberland, one of the three children of Fergus and Mary Ann Clark.[1] His father had worked variously as a miner, a boiler fireman and as a crane driver. Joseph, like his older brother, worked in a sawmill.
Just after the outbreak of war, Clark enlisted on 21 August 1914 into the British Army at Newcastle-upon-Tyne (4903, Private) and joined the newly raised 8th (Service) Battalion, The Northumberland Fusiliers, the first of the New Army battalions raised for the Regiment. He falsely gave his age as 19. His early service was somewhat ill-disciplined and he was discharged on 30 October as ‘not being likely to become an efficient soldier’.[2]
Clark then enlisted into the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve on 23 June 1915, just before his 18th birthday—he again falsely stated his age, giving his birthday as 26 August 1895. He was allocated the number TZ/5463 and joined the training depot at Crystal Palace. After a period of training he joined HMS Shannon, a Minotaur-class armoured cruiser, on 30 September 1915. He was aboard her on 30 December 1915 when the armoured cruiser HMS Natal exploded nearby in Cromarty Firth with the loss of over 400 crew and civilian visitors—Shannon assisted in the rescue of the survivors.[3] Clark was also in HMS Shannon during the Battle of Jutland, although the ship did not see action that day.
HMS Shannon at Cromarty Firth, 1915
On 31 August 1916, Able Seaman Clerk reported for duty ashore for training as a gunner on defensively armed merchant ships; he completed this training on 9 November and, having found his niche, was appointed Acting Leading Seaman. When the story of Clark’s death appeared in the Baltimore Sun, it was reported that he had served on the SS Bretwalda, and had survived her sinking on 13 December 1916, when she was attacked by UB-43, 220 miles east of Malta on passage from Calcutta to Boulogne with a cargo of jute. It was reported that he spent several days adrift in a lifeboat before being picked up and taken to port in Italy. Soon after he joined the SS Courtown, a general cargo ship built in 1909.[4]
Acting Leading Seaman Clark arrived in the United States in July 1917 as the chief gunner on the Courtown, which berthed at the Western Maryland Railroad pier at Port Covington, Baltimore. On 28 July, after lunch he and his friends decided to go for a swim near the grain sheds. Clark could not swim and he wore a life-belt. He was accompanied by another gunner, Able Seaman Herbert Crawshaw,[5] and Radio Operator Cyril Matthews. Crawshaw had survived the explosion on HMS Natal—he was on the upper deck when the explosion occurred—and had trained as a gunner with Clark, completing his training on the same day; he too had served in SS Bretwalda before joining the Courtown.
Port Covington, Western Maryland Railroad Yards, 1913
Clark decided that he had had enough practice with the life-belt and took it off to try and swim without it. Crawshaw swam to him to give assistance if needed but, before he could reach his friend, Clark disappeared under the water. Crawshaw tried to grab him and felt him tug at his body but he did not return to the surface. The other men dived to try and find Clark but they were unsuccessful. Having told the ship’s Master about the accident, the police were informed and the police boat Lannan was dispatched to drag for the body; it was found a few hours later. The coroner, Otto M. Bernhard, recorded a finding of accidental drowning.[6]
Acting Leading Seaman Joseph Thompson Clark was buried in Cedar Hill Cemetery, Baltimore, on 30 July 1917.[7] He is commemorated there by a Commonwealth War Graves Commission headstone. He is also commemorated on the Blyth war memorial.
Blyth War Memorial – the First World War memorial is on the right, the Boer War memorial is on the left
His medals group comprises: British War Medal 1914-20, and Victory Medal.
The grave of Acting Leading Seaman Joseph Thompson ClarkHMS Shannon at Cromarty Firth, 1915Port Covington, Western Maryland Railroad Yards, 1913Blyth War Memorial – the First World War memorial is on the right, the Boer War memorial is on the left
1. (Back) Fergus Clark (1863-1936) married Mary Ann Shirran (1867-NK) in 1885; James (1886-NK); and Isabella (1894-NK). Another sibling died in childhood. 2. (Back) His offences, mostly relatively minor, included absence overnight, gambling in barracks, smoking in the ranks, making an improper remark to an officer, talking in the ranks, and breaking out of detention while undergoing punishment. At this stage of the war, the Army could be selective with recruiting and Clark was discharged under King’s Regulation 392(iii)c: ‘Recruit within three months of enlistment considered unfit for service’. 3. (Back) A full account of the disaster may be found here: HMS Natal. 4. (Back) ‘Naval Gunner Drowned’. (29 July 1917). Baltimore Sun. p 14. This article contains a number of facts about Clerk’s service but it is evident when comparing it to his service record that they have been mixed up when recounted. 5. (Back) Able Seaman Herbert Wentworth Crawshaw was born on 9 July 1898 at Mirfield, Yorkshire. Prior to the war he worked as a miner. He enlisted on 15 March 1915 (numbered TZ/3981). Like Clark, he was underage and give his birthday as 9 July 1896. His career paralleled Clark’s and after his period on defensively armed merchant ships he served for the last nine months of the war in Gibraltar. He was demobilized on 1 May 1919. He died in Yorkshire in 1959. 6. (Back) Death Certificate. (30 July 1917). Health Department, City of Baltimore. Certificate number D7149. The certificate shows his name as ‘Joseph L. Clark’. 7. (Back) Plot E, Lot 172, Grave 11. The cemetery register incorrectly records his name as ‘James L. Clark’.
This is part of a series of essays about the First World War casualties commemorated by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission in Maryland.
Acting Leading Seaman Eustace Alfred Bromley, Royal Navy (and Cadet Reginald Cyril Johnson, Mercantile Marine) (and Seaman Algot Buske, Mercantile Marine)
SS Kerry Range scuttled in shallow water in Baltimore harbour
Late on 30 October 1917 a fire broke out on Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Pier 9 at Locust Point in Baltimore, Maryland. The fire destroyed the pier, the old immigration building on it, and set fire to the SS Kerry Range, a British, armed, merchant ship that was moored alongside. Four men died and the damage caused was considerable—freight worth over $5,000,000 was destroyed and the Kerry Range was wrecked. The fire occurred at the height of anti-German hysteria and speculation about incendiaries placed by German agents led to the arrest of a number of ‘alien enemies’. An investigation concluded, however, that the blaze was caused by an electrical fire in one of the buildings on Pier 9 that ignited piles of oakum.[1]
This is part of a series of essays about the First World War casualties commemorated by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission in California.
Sergeant Norman Travers Simpkin, 2nd Australian Light Horse Regiment
Norman Travers Simpkin is the only man commemorated by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission in the United States who served with the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps at Gallipoli—he was a troop sergeant in 2nd Light Horse Regiment, wounded in the attack near Quinn’s Post in August 1915.
This essay is about the single First World War casualty commemorated by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission in North Carolina.
Private Baxter Franklin
William Baxter Franklin was born on 11 November 1896 at Pigeon Township, near Canton, North Carolina. He was the fifth of the six children of John Baxter Franklin, a farmer, and Minnie Francis (née Penland).[1] A few days after his third birthday, Baxter Franklin’s father died. Minnie was unable to provide for the children and they went to live with her parents, Reed and Lavonia Penland. The young family moved with their grandparents to Medicine Hat, Alberta in 1902.[2]
By 1910 Baxter had returned to North Carolina and was working as a farm hand on a property at Pigeon. On 23 May 1912 he moved back to Canada and went to work as a teamster near the hamlet of Old Wives in Saskatchewan, where his brother Charles had bought land.
He enlisted very early in the war, on 27 September 1914, at Valcartier in Quebec, the primary training base for the First Canadian Contingent.
The cemeteries and columbaria in which there are Commonwealth War Graves Commission commemorations are spread across 42 states.
We have now completed a survey of the cemeteries and have updated their names, addresses and locations. A list of cemeteries with zip codes, organised by state, may be found on this new page. Due to changes to cemetery names and addresses over the years, the details may differ from those shown on the CWGC website.
Sunburst Cemetery, Lake Logan, North Carolina and the grave of Private Baxter Franklin, who served in France and Flanders with the 10th Battalion, 1st Canadian Division and died in Toronto on 10 December 1918.
In Richmond, the state capital, one such window commemorates Cadet John Dunn, Royal Flying Corps, who died of scarlet fever on 26 March 1918, aged 20. When it was dedicated at All Saints’ Episcopal Church on 22 December 1918, it became the first war memorial to be placed in the city to commemorate a casualty of the First World War.
This is part of a series of essays about the First World War casualties commemorated by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission in Virginia.
Panoramic Photograph of Camp Lee, 1917
Company Sergeant Major Instructor George Symons was a pre-war regular soldier. In 1918 he was posted to the British War Mission in the United States, where he died at Camp Lee, Virginia on 8 October 1918 during the influenza pandemic.
This is part of a series of essays about the First World War casualties commemorated by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission in Virginia.
The graves of Captain Angus Alexander Mackintosh of Mackintosh, younger; Major Hon. Charles Henry Lyell; and Captain Walter Frederick Fitch MC
Captain W. F. Fitch MC was one of two instructors serving with the British training mission who died during the influenza epidemic in 1918 and who were buried in Virginia (the other is Company Sergeant Major G M Symons). Fitch died on 1 November 1918 while serving as an instructor at Camp Lewis in Washington state. His body was transported by train across the country to Washington DC, where he was buried at Arlington National Cemetery on 12 November.
Sacrifice 